skinandcollagen

L-glycine:is an amino acid biosynthesised in the liver from the amino acids, serine and threonine. As a solid, it’s a sweet tasting crystalline substance and the principle amino acid within cane sugar. In humans, it’s found in high concentrations within the skin, connective tissues and muscle tissues. Glycine helps with the breakdown of fat by regulating the concentration of bile acids. Glycine is also required for the biosynthesis of heme. Heme is a key component of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is essential in the maintenance of red blood cell integrity and optimal oxygen carrying capacity. Within the central nervous system glycine works together with taurine and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (similar to the action of the drug valium). Glycine interferes with the hyper-excitability of the central nervous system. There have been numerous studies investigating the benefits of this amino acid in the treatment of disorders such as hyperactivity, schizophrenia, bipolar, and epilepsy. BLOOD SUGAR: Glycine also assists with the regulation of blood sugars by converting glucose into energy. MUSCLE STRENGTH: Glycine is one of the amino acids necessary for the biosynthesis of creatine. Creatine provides muscles with a direct energy source and helps to build muscle tissue and strength. ANTI-AGING: Glycine is an important anti-aging amino acid. COLLAGEN: Approximately one third of collagen is comprised of glycine. Collagen is the essential protein required to keep the connective tissue and skin flexible and firm. HORMONES: This amino acid can be methylated into dimethylglycine (DMG). DMG plays an important role in the one-carbon pathway that’s essential for the biosynthesis of steroids such as estrogenic and androgenic hormones. Glycine also helps to stimulate the secretion of human growth hormone.

Manganese (Mn) : Manganese is a mineral involved in collagen building and fat metabolism. It promotes a healthy nervous system, and is necessary for digestive function, bone growth, and immune function. In addition, manganese is necessary for the proper function of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) which catalyzes the same reaction as that catalyzed by the cytosolic version, SOD1.

B12 (cobalamin) : B12 is found mainly in animal foods and cannot be manufactured in the human body. Absorption is very complex and requires stomach acid, intrinsic factor, pancreatic enzymes and intact stomach and small intestine cells.

The B vitamins are important in converting food to energy. They are also involved in DNA synthesis and replication, mitochondrial phosphorylation, the electron transport chain and ATP production, neurotransmitter production, immune system function, and hemoglobin production.
This vitamin is a key player in the Krebs cycle and in the methylation cycle as it is a critical cofactor in homocysteine conversion to methionine by the enzyme methionine synthase. In its absence the processing of methylfolate and other steps in folate metabolism stop. This blockage of proper folate (B9) metabolism results in anemia and deficiencies in DNA formation.
Other symptoms of B12 deficiency are demyelination (as in multiple sclerosis), slowed nerve conduction, accumulation of homocysteine and increased heart disease risk, defective cell membranes (branched fatty acids), anemia, fatigue, painful and burning feet, skin abnormalities, retarded growth, dizzy spells, digestive disturbances, vomiting, restlessness, stomach stress, and muscle cramps.

L-proline : One of 20 amino acids which are the building blocks of protein. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. Proline is biosynthetically derived from the amino acid l-glutamate.
Multiple prolines and/or hydroxyprolines in a row can create a helix, the predominant secondary structure in collagen. The hydroxylation of proline by prolyl hydroxylase increases the stability of collagen significantly.=

B2 (riboflavin) : Vitamin B2 is especially critical in energy production, methylation, and DNA and RNA synthesis. Symptoms of deficiency include headaches, fatigue, and irritability.

Vitamin C (ascorbate) : Vitamin C cannot be made in the human body and has to be ingested in food or taken via supplementation. It is a powerful antioxidant, and is required in the production of several critical enzymes as well as the synthesis of collagen from proline and lysine. That means this humble vitamin is required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, skin), wound healing, and bone remodeling.
Vitamin C is also required for conversion of tyrosine to epinephrine (adrenaline). That’s why it is present in high amounts in the adrenal gland cortex and these levels are depleted after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation of the gland and synthesis of the stress hormone cortisol. That means under times of high stress (whether from illness, psychological stress, or some other form) your vitamin C levels are liable to plummet.

Vitamin C (ascorbate) : Vitamin C cannot be made in the human body and has to be ingested in food or taken via supplementation. It is a powerful antioxidant, and is required in the production of several critical enzymes as well as the synthesis of collagen from proline and lysine. That means this humble vitamin is required for the maintenance of normal connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, skin), wound healing, and bone remodeling.
Vitamin C is also required for conversion of tyrosine to epinephrine (adrenaline). That’s why it is present in high amounts in the adrenal gland cortex and these levels are depleted after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation of the gland and synthesis of the stress hormone cortisol. That means under times of high stress (whether from illness, psychological stress, or some other form) your vitamin C levels are liable to plummet.

L-lysine : One of 20 amino acids which are the building blocks of protein. Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning that it has to be obtained from food and cannot be manufactured by the human body.

Some studies have found that lysine may be beneficial for those with herpes simplex infections, however, it has not been approved by the FDA for herpes simplex suppression.
Lysine has an anxiolytic (reduces anxiety) action through its effects on serotonin receptors in the intestinal tract, and is also hypothesized to reduce anxiety through serotonin regulation in the amygdala.
This amino acid plays a major role in calcium absorption, building muscle protein, recovering from surgery or sports injuries, and the body’s production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies. Lysine is also necessary in the production of collagen. Collagen contains hydroxylysine, which is derived from lysine by lysyl hydroxylase.

B6 (pyroxidine) : Vitamin B6 plays a unique role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and GABA. It is also important in amino acid synthesis and it plays a critical role in the methylation cycle.
Deficiency is caused by poor diet, alcoholism, and malabsorption or poor digestion. Symptoms of deficiency include headaches, muscle weakness, anemia, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, skin eruptions, mental fatigue, “brain fog” or mental sluggishness, and hair loss.

Glutathione (GSH) : Glutathione is the “master” antioxidant. It neutralizes free radicals such as superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxy radicals, peroxynitrites, and hydroperoxides, all of which are byproducts of oxygen metabolism in the mitochondria.
Free radicals and ROS can cause damage to DNA, proteins and cell membranes altering their function, causing mutations and may be implicated in chronic illnesses like cancer or heart disease. Glutathione renders these molecules inert, protecting you from their destructive effects.
Detoxification is another major function of glutathione. GSH attaches to substances like heavy metals and xenobiotics—molecules that need to be excreted—forming “conjugates” that make them easier to be eliminated by the liver via bile and the kidneys via urine.

Riboflavin : Vitamin B2 is especially critical in energy production, methylation, and DNA and RNA synthesis. Symptoms of deficiency include headaches, fatigue, and irritability.

Vitamin H, : more commonly known as biotin, is part of the B complex group of vitamins. All B vitamins help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy.
Biotin deficiency is associated with pregnancy, long-term tube feeding, malnutrition, and rapid weight loss. Biotin is also used orally for hair loss, brittle nails, skin rash diabetes, mild depression and in high doses to treat Multiple Sclerosis.

Niacinamide (nicotinamide) : or vitamin B3 is a precursor for co-factors NAD+/ NADH and NADP/ NADPH. NAD+ and NADP+ act as antioxidants that are important in a variety of cellular pathways that affect skin physiology, energy formation in the mitochondria, Sirtuins production (anti-aging), and neurotransmitter function (serotonin). Niacinamide also has broad anti-inflammatory activity. It inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-kB), and reduces production of a variety of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-12. Both oral and topical forms of Niacinamide have been used to treat inflammatory skin conditions. Niacinamide and Niacin are both well known in their role as natural anxiety relievers.